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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | Turks from Ghazni, raiding into northwest India, renew the pressure of Islam on the subcontinent | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast | |
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| 1062 |
| | | Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain | |
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| 1066 |
| | | The Normans, as seen in the Bayeux tapestry, invade England in Viking longships with fortified platforms for archers | |
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| c. 1080 |
| | | Norman earls are given territories on the marches of Wales, with the specific task of raiding their neighbours | |
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| 1094 |
| | | Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia | |
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| 1095 |
| | | Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims | |
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| 1096 |
| | | Peter the Hermit, an old monk on a donkey, leads the largest of the popular groups from Germany on the first crusade | |
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